7 Teori Perdagangan Internasional – Menurut Ahlinya
Teori Perdagangan Internasional – Tahukah kamu dalam perdagangan internasional yang menjadi kunci bagi perkembangan ekonomi global terdapat beberapa teori? Dalam memahami mekanisme dibalik arus barang dan jasa antarnegara, para ahli ekonomi telah mengembangkan berbagai teori dalam perdagangan internasional.
Teori-teori ini menjelaskan mengapa negara-negara melakukan perdagangan, bagaimana mereka mendapatkan keuntungan, dan faktor-faktor apa yang mempengaruhi pola perdagangan global. Pada artikel ini mari kita mengulas apa saja teori dalam perdagangan internasional menurut para ahli.
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Teori Perdagangan Internasional Menurut Para Ahli
Perdagangan internasional merupakan wujud kerjasama antara dua negara atau lebih untuk hal memenuhi kebutuhan dalam negeri. Selain itu perdagangan internasional juga bisa diartikan sebagai kerjasama atau kesepakatan ekonomi antara penduduk negara satu dengan negara lainnya.
Kesepakatan ini dapat berupa individu dengan individu, individu dengan negara atau pemerintah, atau hubungan kerjasama negara dengan negara. Melalui perdagangan internasional ini dapat diketahui maju atau tidaknya pertumbuhan ekonomi dalam negeri. Berikut adalah 7 teori perdagangan internasional yang paling dikenal dalam ilmu ekonomi:
1. Teori Merkantilisme
Teori ini berkembang pada abad ke-16 hingga 18 dan menjadi dasar kebijakan ekonomi di banyak negara Eropa saat itu. Merkantilisme berpendapat bahwa kekayaan suatu negara diukur dari jumlah emas dan perak yang dimiliki. Oleh karena itu, negara harus meningkatkan ekspor dan membatasi impor agar mendapatkan surplus perdagangan.
Kebijakan proteksionisme seperti tarif tinggi dan kuota impor, digunakan untuk melindungi industri dalam negeri. Namun, teori ini dikritik karena mengabaikan manfaat perdagangan bebas dan mendorong persaingan tidak sehat antarnegara. Pada praktiknya teori ini mengontrol perdagangan memperluas kekayaan.
2. Teori Keunggulan Absolut (Adam Smith)
Adam Smith dalam buku karyanya “An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations” (1776), memperkenalkan teori keunggulan absolut yang paling dikenal. Smith berpendapat bahwa suatu negara seharusnya mengekspor barang yang dapat diproduksi lebih efisien (dengan biaya lebih rendah) dibanding negara lain.
Serta mengimpor barang yang diproduksi lebih efisien oleh negara lain, dengan spesialisasi dan perdagangan bebas semua negara dapat memperoleh keuntungan. Karena dapat memanfaatkan keunggulan absolut masing-masing.
3. Teori Keunggulan Komparatif (David Ricardo)
Teori ini dikembangkan oleh David Ricardo dalam bukunya “Principles of Political Economy and Taxation” (1817) yang menyatakan, suatu negara dapat memperoleh keuntungan dari perdagangan internasional meski tidak memiliki keunggulan absolut. Negara sebaiknya mengkhususkan produksi barang yang memiliki biaya peluang lebih rendah dibanding negara lain.
Dengan demikian, total output global meningkat dan semua negara mendapatkan manfaat dari perdagangan. Teori ini tidak jauh berbeda dengan yang dikemukakan oleh Adam Smith dalam munculnya perdagangan internasional. Perbedaan terletak pada pengukuran terhadap keunggulan suatu negara yaitu perbedaan komparatif dalam biaya bukan perbedaan absolutnya.
4. Teori Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O)
Teori perdagangan internasional ini dikembangkan oleh Eli Heckscher dan Bertil Ohlin yang menyatakan bahwa perbedaan komparatif muncul karena perbedaan dalam faktor produksi (seperti tenaga kerja, modal, dan sumber daya alam). Negara akan mengekspor barang yang intensif menggunakan faktor produksi melimpah di negaranya.
Serta negara mengimpor barang yang intensif menggunakan faktor produksi langka dan mahal dalam biaya produksinya. Teori ini membantu menjelaskan pola perdagangan berdasarkan ketersediaan faktor produksi.
5. Teori Siklus Produk (Raymond Vernon)
Raymond Vernon mengembangkan teori ini pada tahun 1960-an untuk menjelaskan pola perdagangan produk teknologi tinggi dengan 3 siklus produk, yaitu: produk baru, matang, dan produk standar. Menurut teori ini, produk baru biasanya diproduksi dan dikonsumsi di negara maju karena tingginya permintaan dan biaya produksi yang tinggi. Saat produk tersebut menjadi standar dan biaya produksinya menurun, produksi akan dipindahkan ke negara berkembang untuk mengurangi biaya.
Sementara negara maju beralih pada inovasi produk baru, contoh teori bisa dilihat dari perkembangan teknologi komputer. Produk baru tahun 1970, produk matang 1980-1990, saat ini sudah menjadi produk standar yang sudah diproduksi banyak negara.
6. Teori Ekonomi Skala (Samuelson)
Teori ini menjelaskan dengan tiga asumsi yaitu: skala hasil produksi konstan, persaingan konstan dan kesetaraan jumlah faktor yang digunakan suatu produk. Samuelson mengatakan bahwa kenaikan harga relatif komoditas dapat menaikkan tingkat penghasilan faktor produksi.
7. Teori Keunggulan Kompetitif (Michael Porter)
Michael Porter memperkenalkan teori perdagangan internasional ini dalam bukunya “The Competitive Advantage of Nations” (1990). Porter berpendapat bahwa daya saing suatu negara ditentukan oleh kemampuan industri domestik dalam berinovasi dan meningkatkan produktivitas.
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keunggulan kompetitif meliputi kondisi faktor produksi, permintaan domestik, industri terkait dan penunjang, serta strategi perusahaan dan persaingan domestik.
Manfaat dari Perdagangan Internasional
Setelah mengetahui teori-teori perdagangan internasional, tentu memiliki manfaat yang diperoleh dalam kegiatan tersebut. Apa saja manfaat dari perdagangan internasional? Berikut penjelasannya:
- Hubungan Baik antar Negara: Adanya perdagangan internasional dapat membantu komunikasi baik antar negara atau lebih. Dengan ini memungkinkan kerjasama sektor lain seperti politik, budaya, pendidikan, dan lain sebagainya. Sehingga kebutuhan pada sektor lainya juga akan terpenuhi.
- Terciptanya Spesialisasi: Masuknya barang atau jasa impor akan bantu penduduk mengamati, mempelajari, dan meniru untuk diterapkan hal serupa dalam negeri. Dengan ini akan memberi peluang memproduksi barang yang sebelumnya belum dihasilkan untuk diekspor dan menghasilkan keuntungan tambahan.
- Kemakmuran Negara Meningkat: Indikator adanya kemakmuran dapat diteliti dari aktivitas ekonomi yang dilakukan produsen, konsumen, dan pemerintah yang sama-sama mendapat keuntungan. Pemerintah mendapat keuntungan lewat devisa negara yang kian meningkat.
- Mengurangi Jumlah Pengangguran: Melalui kerjasama perdagangan antar negara tentu akan membuka lapangan pekerjaan dengan tingkat permintaan barang oleh konsumen. Sehingga memerlukan tenaga kerja yang banyak pula.
- Menyebarluaskan IPTEK: Barang atau jasa yang diekspor memiliki teknologi canggih yang dapat meningkatkan IPTEK pada negara tujuan, hal ini mendorong negara semakin maju dengan pengenalan teknologi tersebut.
- Harga Barang Cenderung Stabil: Dengan Perdagangan internasional barang yang sulit akan didapatkan dengan mudah.
Ketujuh teori perdagangan internasional di atas memberikan perspektif yang berbeda dalam memahami alasan dan pola perdagangan global. Merkantilisme mengutamakan proteksionisme, sedangkan teori-teori modern seperti keunggulan komparatif dan keunggulan kompetitif menekankan pentingnya spesialisasi dan inovasi. Dalam dunia yang semakin terhubung, memahami teori-teori ini membantu negara dan pelaku bisnis dalam merumuskan strategi perdagangan yang efektif.
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